Report No. 273

Implementation of 'United Nations Convention against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman and Degrading Treatment or Punishment' through Legislation

1 Goerge Ryley Scott, "The History of Torture Throughout the Ages", 1940 (T. Werner Laurie Ltd., London)

2 In Re: Ramlila Maidan Incident, 2012 (5) SCC 1

3 Translated into English by R Shamasastry; Chapter VIII, Book IV; Available at:

https://ia802703.us.archive.org/13/items/Arthasastra_English_Translation/ Arthashastra_of_Chanakya_-_English.pdf; last viewed on 23 August 2017.

4 Khandekar, Indrajit, Pawar, Vishwajeet & Ors, "Torture Leading to Suicide: A case Report" 31(2) JIAFM 152.

5 Curtice, Martin, "Article 3 of the Human Rights Act 1988: implications for clinical practice" 14 APT 389 (2008).

6 http://listovative.com/top-10-historys-worst-torture-methods/

7 AIR 1997 SC 610

8 John H. Langbein: Torture and the Law of Proof, 1977, University of Chicago Press

9 see A and others (Appellants) v. Secretary of State for the Home Department [2004]: para. 412

10 Alfred McCoy: A Question of Torture: CIA Interrogation, from the Cold War to the War on Terror (New York 2006) University of Wisconsin - Madison News

11 W.P. (Civil) No. 738 of 2016; In September 2016, the Supreme Court had issued notice to the Central Government on the PIL.

12 In Soering v. UK, Application (07/07/1989), the European Court of Human Rights held that extraditing a person from UK to Virginia- a state in US that imposes death penalty, would violate Article 3 of the Torture Convention.

13 Bartle and the Commissioner of Police for the Metropolis and Others, Ex Parte Pinochet; R v. Evans and Another and the Commissioner of Police for the Metropolis and Others, Ex Parte Pinochet, R v. [1999] UKHL 17 (24th March, 1999).

14 (2014) 3 SCC 1.

15 International Justice Resource Centre [I J R C]

16 Geneva Conventions, available at:
https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/geneva_conventions (visited on 26- 10-2017).

17 Wet, Erika, de, "The Prohibition of Torture as an international norm of jus cogens and its implications for national and customary law" 15 EJIL 97-121 (2004).

18 Enforced disappearance, Torture and arbitrary detention, available at:
http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/french-foreign-policy/human-rights/enforced-disappearance-torture-andarbitrary-detention/ (visited on 26-10-2017).

19 Torture, available at: http://www.ijrcenter.org/thematic-research-guides/torture/ (visited on 26-10-2017).

20 Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, available at: http://legal.un.org/avl/ha/catcidtp/catcidtp.html (visited on 26-10-2017).

21 Ibid.

22 Supra note 20.

23 Third Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War, Geneva, 12 August, 1949

24 Supra note 19.

25 Code of Federal Regulations: Aliens and Nationality, U.S. General Services Administration, National Archives and Records Service, Office of the Federal Register, 2009 at p. 178

26 Torture in UK Law, available at: https://justice.org.uk/torture-uk-law/ (visited on 26-10-2017).

27 Ibid.

28 See: Prosecutor v Furundzija [1998] ICTY 3, 10 December 1998, paragraphs 147-157

29 See: Saifi v. Brixton Prison, [2001] 4 All ER 168.

30 United Nations Convention Against Torture, and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, available at:
https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/100296.pdf (visited on 26-10-

2017).

31 Ibid.

32 Ibid.

33 Vide: Rasul v. Bush, 542 U.S. 466 (2004); Hamdi v. Rumsfeld, 542 U.S. 507 (2004); Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, 548 U.S. 557 (2006); Boumediene v. Bush, 553 U.S. 723 (2008)

34 Available at
https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/213055.htm [Last Accessed on 20 October 2017]

35 Burdov v. Russia, ECHR, IHRL 181 (ECHR 2009).

36 Khashiyev and Akayeva v. Russia, 57942/00; 57945/00, Council of Europe: European Court of Human Rights, 19 December 2002, available at:
http://www.refworld.org/cases,ECHR,3e4bce247.html.

37 See also, Kalashnikov v. Russia, 47095/99, Council of Europe: European Court of Human Rights, 15 July 2002, available at: http://www.refworld.org/cases, ECHR,416bb0d44.html;

38 China: Tell the Truth on Torture at UN Review, available at:
https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/11/11/china-tell-truth-torture-un-review (visited on 26-10-2017).

39 France and the Fight against enforced disappearance, torture and arbitrary detention, available at:
https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/french-foreign-policy/human-rights/enforced-disappearance-tortureand-arbitrary-detention/article/france-and-the-fight-against (visited on 26-10-2017).

40 Ibid.

41 Wainwright v. United Kingdom, Application no. 12350/04 (2007) 44 E.H.R.R. 40.

42 Application No. 5320/71 (1978). See also: Labita v. Italy, Application No. 26772/95, Judgment of 6 April 2000, Selmouni v. France, Application No. 25803/94, Judgment of 28 July 1999 and Chahal v. The United Kingdom, Application No. 22414/93, Judgment of 15 November 1996).

43 See Askoy v. Turkey, 1996-VI Eur. Ct. H.R. 2260, Aydin v. Turkey, 1997-V Eur. Ct. H.R. 1866, 1873-74, 1891, and Selmouni v. France, Application No. 25803/94, Judgment of 28 July 1999 (each finding that the treatment endured by the applicants amounted to torture).

44 Selmouni v. France, Application No. 25803/94, Judgment of 28 July 1999.

45 Soering v. The United Kingdom, Application No. 25803/94, Judgment of 28 July 1999. For other cases involving the inflicting of mental, but not physical violence, see V. v. The United Kingdom, Application No. 24888/94, Judgment of 16 December 1999 and X and Y v. The Netherlands, Application No. 8978/80, Judgment of 26 March 1985.

46 See Malawi African Association and Others v. Mauritania, African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights, Comm. Nos. 54/91, 61/91, 98/93, 164/97 à 196/97 and 210/98 (2000).

47 (1/A Court H.R. Judgment of August 18, 2000, Ser. C No. 69. (2000) IACHR6. See also Maritza Urrutia v. Guatemala, Judgment of November 27, 2003, Inter-Am. Ct. H.R., (Ser. C) No. 103 (2003), finding that the victim suffered physical violence amounting to torture, and mental violence constituting cruel and inhuman treatment.

48 See: Quinteros v. Uruguay, Human Rights Committee Communication No. 107/1981, Views of 21 July 1983; Case of the 'Street Children' (Villagran-Morales) et al. v. Guatemala, Inter-Am. Ct H.R., 19 November 1999; Laureano v. Peru, Communication No. 540/1993, Views of 25 March 1996; Kurt v. Turkey, Appl. No. 15/1997/799/1002, Judgment of 25 May 1998. In Çakici v. Turkey, Application No. 23657/94, Judgment of 8 July 1999, paragraphs 98-99).

49 Osbourne v. Jamaica, Communication No. 759/1997, U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/68/D/759/1997 (2000).

50 Curtis Francis Doebbler v. Sudan, African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights, Comm. No. 236/2000 (2003).

51 Communication No. 265/1987, U.N. Doc. Supp. No. 40 (A/44/40) at 311 (1989).

52 Communication No. 577/1994 (1997). See also Loayza Tamayo Case, Reparations, Judgment of November 27, 1998, Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (Ser. C) No. 42 (1998) (finding similar treatment violated the applicants' rights under the American Convention).

53 Comm. Nos. 137/94, 139/94, 154/96 and 161/97 (1998).

54 Yavuz v. Turkey Application no. 32577/02, Judgment of 29 September 2008.

55 Ireland v. The United Kingdom [1978]2 EHRR 25

56 Kudla v. Poland, (2000) Application No.30210/96, 26th October 2000.

57 Ibid

58 Keenan v. UK, (2001) 33 EHRR 913.

59 Hurtado v. Switzerland (1994) Application No.1754/90, 28th January; See also: Khudobin v. Russia, application no. 59696/00), 26th October, 2006; and Pretty v. UK, (2002) 35 EHRR 1

60 See Herczegfalvy v. Austria[1992]; Aerts v. Belgium [1998].

61 Nevmerzhitsky v. Ukraine (2005) Application No.54825/00, 5th April

62 See Saifi v. Brixton Prison & Anor, Supra Note 29

63 Arvinder Singh Bagga v. State of U.P, AIR 1995 SC 117

64 See: Speech by Dr. Justice A S Anand, former Chief Justice of India, in VIIIth International Symposium on Torture, (1999) 7 SCC 10 (J).

65 AIR 2012 SC 2573

66 1995(4) SCC 262

67 Yogendra Kumar Jaiswal & Ors. v. State of Bihar & Ors., AIR 2016 SC 1474

68 Smt. Selvi v. State of Karnataka, AIR 2010 SC 1974. See also Raja Narainlalbansilal v. Maneck Phiroz Mistry, AIR 1961 SC 29; and Charoria v. State of Maharashtra, AIR 1968 SC 938

69 See: State of Bombay v. Kathi Kalu Oghad, AIR 1961 SC 1808; and Smt. Selvi & Ors. v. State of Karnataka, AIR 2010 SC 1974

70 Sampat Prakash v. State of J&K AIR 1969 SC 1153; and Kamla Kanhaihalal Kushalani v. State of Maharashtra, AIR 1981 SC 814

71 AIR 1978 SC 1675; See also Sunil Batra (II) v. Delhi Administration, AIR 1980 SC 1579; and In Re: Inhuman Conditions in 1382 Prisons, AIR 2016 SCC 993.

72 Nahar Singh Yadav v. Union of India, AIR 2011 SC 1549

73 Inderjit v. State of Uttar Pradesh AIR 1979 SC 1867

74 A K Gopalan v. State of Madras, AIR 1950 SC 27; and Hansmukh v. State of Gujarat, AIR 1981 SC 28.

75 A K Gopalan, supra, and State of Madhya Pradesh v. Shobharam AIR 1966 SC 1910

76 State of Uttar Pradesh v. Abdul Samad, AIR 1962 SC 1506

77 Ram Singh v. Central Bureau of Narcotics, AIR 2011 SC 2490

78 AIR 1966 SC 119

79 Smt. Selvi v. State of Karnataka (Supra note 54)

80 Mohmed Inayatullah v. State of Maharashtra, AIR 1976 SC 480

81 Supra Note 54

82 AIR 2015 SC 1816

83 State of Madhya Pradesh v. Shaym Sunder Trivedi, (1995) 4 SCC 260

84 Shorter Oxford English Dictionary and Webster's Third International Dictionary

85 Henry Campbell Black, M.A. (Sixth Edn.).

86 AIR 1980 SC 785; See also Sunita Devi v. State of Bihar, AIR 2005 SC 498.

87 Roshan Beevi v. Joint Secy., Govt. of T.N., 1984 (15) ELT 289 (Mad.).

88 AIR 1970 Bom79; see also: State of Punjab v. Ajaib Singh, AIR 1953 SC 10

89 AIR 1994 SC 1775; see also: Nirmaljeet Kaur v. State of M.P. (2004) 7 SCC 558.

90 State of U.P. v. Mohd. Naim, AIR 1964 SC 703

91 AIR 2005 SC 2419; (See also: Dilip K. Basu v. State of W.B. & Ors. AIR 1997 SC 3017 and N.C. Dhoundial v. Union of India & Ors. AIR 2004 SC 127; Rubabbuddin Sheikh v. State of Gujarat & Ors. AIR 2010 SC 3175; Jaywant P. Sankpal v. Suman Gholap & Ors., (2010) 11 SCC 208; and Narmada Bai v. State of Gujarat & Ors., (2011) 5 SCC 79).

92 AIR 1981 SC 746

93 AIR 1990 SC 1480

94 (1994) 3 SCC 569

95 (2012)1SCC10.

96 AIR 1990 SC 709

97 AIR 2005 SC 402

98 AIR 2012 SC 2573

99 AIR1997 SC 3017

100 AIR 1997 SC 1739.

101 AIR 2006 SC 1117

102 AIR 1980 SC 1087

103 AIR 1985 SC 416

104 (2011) 6 SCC 189

105 (2011) 7 SCC 45

106 AIR 1964 SC 33.

107 (2011) 4 SCC 159

108 AIR 1978 SC 1025

109 AIR 1981 SC 928

110 India's Response against the act of Torture, available at:

https://indialawyers.wordpress.com/2010/07/22/india%E2%80%99s-response-against-the-act-of-torture/ (visited on 26-10-2017).

111 AIR 1992 SC 1689

112 AIR 1977 SC 1579

113 (2012) 5 SCC 1

114 (2011) 6 SCC 369

115 (2015) 14 SCC 664

116 (2015) 14 SCC 543

117 AIR 1983 SC 378

118 Doctrine of Sovereign Immunity, available at:
http://www.neerajaarora.com/doctrine-of-sovereignimmunity/ (visited on 26-10-2017).

119 (1869) 5 Bom HCR App A-1

120 AIR 1952 SC 933

121 AIR 1965 SC 1039

122 AIR 1983 SC 1086

123 AIR 2000 SC 2083

124 AIR 1993 SC 1960

125 See also: Suresh & Anr. v. State of Haryana , (2015) 2 SCC 227

126 Supra

127 (2015) 16 SCC 715

128 Vide: State of Rajasthan v. Vidyawati, AIR 1962 SC 993; Basava Kaum D. Patil v. State of Mysore, AIR 1977 SC 1749; Veena Sethi v. State of Bihar, AIR 1983 SC 339; Bhim Singh v. State of J & K, 1983 Supp. SCC 564; Sebastian M. Hongrav v. Union of India, AIR 1984 SC 571; Bhim Singh v. State of J&K, AIR 1986 SC 494; Saheli v. Commissioner of Police, A IR 1990 SC 513; Sube Singh v. State of Haryana & Ors., AIR 2006 SC 1117; and Dr. Mahmood Nayyar Azami v. State of Chattisgarh & Ors., AIR 2012 SC 2573.

129 AIR 2003 SC 4567.

130 1972 (1) All E.R. 1006.

131 AIR 2016 SC 2679

132 AIR 2004 SC 7

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